Friday, January 17, 2020
Fight Club’s Cult: Manipulation and Thought Reform
Andrew Epstein Professor Powell English 1A: 3:15 TR 18 February 2010 Fight Clubââ¬â¢s Cult: Manipulation & Thought Reform Dr. Margaret Thaler Singer asks the question, ââ¬Å"How many more Jonestowns and Wacos will have to occur before we realize how vulnerable all humans are to influence? â⬠(3) With this, Singerââ¬â a clinical therapist who specialized in brainwashing and coercive persuasion, considered a giant in the field of cult behaviorââ¬â brings the normallytaboo topic of cults in our society to the forefront of discussion. People must be informed and understand what a cult is, and how cults use thought-reform as a means to manipulate and control the masses. If people are left uneducated, senseless acts of self and social destruction will continue to be carried out by followers of proclaimed prophets. Shoko Asaharaââ¬â¢s cult_ _ââ¬Å"Aum Shinrikyo,â⬠which translates to ââ¬Å"teaching of the supreme truthâ⬠(Wessinger 121), an organized and violent group, has correlating similarities to Tyler Durdenââ¬â¢s following. Chuck Palahniukââ¬â¢s Fight Club_ _is a book about a man that creates a following in the form of a modern day cult, in which he uses its members to carry out acts of social terrorism, violence, and self-destruction by means of manipulation and thought reform. In order to understand cult behavior in Fight Club, one needs to understand the characteristics of a cult and how they are defined. ââ¬Å"Cults are not a unique species of human group; they are the endpoints on a continuumâ⬠(Andres 1-7). A common misconception of cults is all cults are religious. Although many are, religious beliefs alone do not dictate the qualification of what a cult is. Singer describes that ââ¬Å"cultic relationshipsâ⬠better define the parameters of what qualifies a cult, and that a cult can usually be identified by three factors despite its belief system (7). Of those factors, ââ¬Å"Origin of the group and roles of the leader,â⬠insists that most of the time there is one person in charge and in control of the decision making process for the cult and its members (Singer 8). Although cults range from a wide variety of categories and beliefs, cult leaders usually have uniform characteristics: ââ¬Å"Cult leaders are self-appointed, persuasive persons who claim to have a special mission in life or to have special knowledge. Cult leaders tend to be determined and domineering and are often described as charismatic. Cult leaders center veneration on themselvesâ⬠(Singer 8). Tyler was a party of one who had the charisma and ideology that appealed to the impressionable minds of people looking for something more. The followers of Fight Club looked at Tyler and saw everything they wanted but could not be themselves. ââ¬Å"I love everything about Tyler Durden, his courage and his smarts. His nerve. Tyler is funny and charming and forceful and independent, and men look up to him and expect him to change their world. Tyler is capable and free, and I am notâ⬠(174). Tyler Durden is a leader, he has the ability to shape the minds of his followers through his power of persuasion. Whether it be the Fight Club, Project Mayhem, or one of Project Mayhemââ¬â¢s subdivisions, Tylerââ¬â¢s members abided by core beliefs and rules given by himself, and were eager to progress in Tylerââ¬â¢s self destructive behavior. Tyler believed that in order to gain enlightenment, to know who we really are, ââ¬Å"First you must hit bottomâ⬠(76). Tylerââ¬â¢s followers want to be him, to think, and act as he acts. There was no questioning Tylerââ¬â¢s logic, his followerââ¬â¢s followed. ââ¬Å"The structure or relationship between leader and followers,â⬠states that; ââ¬Å"Cults are authoritarian in structure. Cults appear to be innovative and exclusive. Cults tend to have a double set of ethicsâ⬠(Singer 9). Even though a leader may appoint people to act in higher positions of authority to guide other members, the leaderââ¬â¢s authority supersedes all. The cult leader offers its members something unique, something that can only be found through membership, and that in becoming one of the following makes that person ââ¬Å"specialâ⬠(Singer 9). It is normal that there are a strict set of rules, or a code of conduct between members that is not held to non-members. Whereas deceiving an outsider is completely acceptable, doing the same to a fellow member would not (Singer 9). The defining relationship of Tyler Durden in Fight Club is, without a doubt,leader to his followers. Tyler doesnââ¬â¢t refer to himself as a prophet or god; however, he does interpret with accuracy how his followers perceive him. ââ¬Å"Tonight, I go to the Armory Bar and the crowds part zipper style when I walk in. To everybody there, I am Tyler Durden the Great and Powerful. God and fatherâ⬠(199). In order to further the development of Fight Clubs and Project Mayhem, Tyler appointed chapter leaders to instill the rules and beliefs he created. The chapter leaders obediently did as they were taught to do because in Fight Club, ââ¬Å"You donââ¬â¢t ask questions,â⬠and ââ¬Å"you have to trust Tylerâ⬠(122,125). Interfere with Tylerââ¬â¢s goals, and Tyler will kill or castrate the opposition. ââ¬Å"The coordinated program of persuasion,â⬠is the ââ¬Å"crucial factor in the definition of cultsâ⬠(Singer 10). Cults tend to be totalistic, or all-encompassing, in controlling their membersââ¬â¢ behavior and also ideologically totalistic, exhibiting zealotry and extremism in the worldview. Cults tend to require members to undergo a major disruption or change in life-styleâ⬠(Singer 10). Cults may start similar to what could be compared to a part time job, in wh ich a member or in our example, an employee takes part in an activity or event for some sort of end result, whether it be self satisfaction or in the case of an employee, money. At some point the goal of the cult is to have its members completely invested, or a full time employee. This includes a life that can be compared to military lifestyle, in which members are often dehumanized, told when to eat, drink, sleep, and what to wear. This often results in abandoning their non-cult life completely in order to further ââ¬Å"become immersed in the groupââ¬â¢s major purposeâ⬠(Singer 10). Fight Clubââ¬â¢s members transition from part time to full time, consisted of belonging to Project Mayhem or one of its several subdivisions. Tylerââ¬â¢s mission was to free the people from whom he thought were slaves to society. Tyler wanted to change the world, destroy the old and create a new world of a more basic need. ââ¬Å"It's Project Mayhem that's going to save the world. A cultural ice age. A prematurely induced dark age. Project Mayhem will force humanity to go dormant or into remission long enough for the Earth to recover. â⬠ââ¬Å"This was the goal of Project Mayhem,â⬠Tyler said, ââ¬Å"the complete and right away destruction of civilizationâ⬠(125). Project Mayhemââ¬â¢s group dubbed ââ¬Å"space monkeysâ⬠(12) was stripped of all possessions except that which was required by Tyler. Dehumanized and stripped of their previous life identities the space monkeyââ¬â¢s goal was to serve Tyler and membership required giving total control to the cause. ââ¬Å"Only in death will we have our own names since only in death are we no longer part of the effort. In death we become heroesâ⬠(178). Fight Clubââ¬â¢s members were manipulated to the point of partaking in acts of violence for recognition, and finding death for the cause to be heroic. Tylerââ¬â¢s control of his members is absolute and unquestioned. To begin understanding the complete and total control cults tend to have over its members, one must understand the thought-reform process. Brainwashing is the technique used by cults to strip its members of their freewill and carry out the cult leaderââ¬â¢s ideals that define his or her cult. This includes, but are not limited to, organized acts of violence including; social terrorism, murder, and self destruction (Singer 82). The word ââ¬Å"brainwashing,â⬠or thought reform, was birthed in the 1950s during the Korean War when captive United States troops returned home appearing to be ââ¬Å"converted Communistsâ⬠(Taylor 3). Even when free from captivity and having no contact with any Communist interaction, theses soldiers denounced loyalty to their own country, and praised of the Communist way of life. Edward Hunter, CIA operative who investigated the reasoning behind the apparent odd behaviors for returning troops, was the first to ââ¬Å"publicly christenedâ⬠the term brainwashing said, ââ¬Å"The intent is to change a mind radically so that its owner becomes a living puppetââ¬âa human robotââ¬âwithout the atrocity being visible from the outside. The aim is to create a mechanism in flesh and blood, with new beliefs and new thought processes inserted into a captive body. What that amounts to is the search for a slave race that, unlike the slaves of olden times, can be trusted never to revolt, always be amenable to orders, like an insect to its instinctâ⬠(Taylor 3). While technological advances and modernization of growing societies have changed the way thought reform is implemented, the core foundation and overall goal still has the same purpose of control. Harmful effects on cult members thought processes tend to come from the techniques of control implemented from within the cult. Utilization of these techniques is used to socialize members into the cultural environment of the cult can produce ââ¬Å"feelings of guilt, dependency, low self-esteem, worthlessness, anxiety and hopelessness in vulnerable individualsâ⬠(Walsh). Robert Lifton was one of the early psychologists to study brainwashing and mind control. He called the method used thought reform_ _(Walsh). He identified eight processes used to alter the minds of subjects. While all of the processes have some direct content relating to Fight Club, there are three that fit best. Lifton describes ââ¬Å" milieu control,â⬠as ââ¬Å" control of human communicationâ⬠(Walsh). This is how the individual communicates with the outside world and how the outside world communicates to the individual, meaning like Tylerââ¬â¢s space monkeyââ¬â¢s, who practices and recited Tylerââ¬â¢s rhetoric, these individualââ¬â¢s are cut off from worldly means of communication, entertainment, and normal social interaction because they are seen as corrupt. These individuals receive and transmit information through a filter of cult ideology. Lifton suggests, ââ¬Å"Mystical manipulation is the use of an extensive personal manipulation to provoke specific patterns of behavior in a seemingly spontaneous way,â⬠and that, ââ¬Å"they suggest that there is an induction of dependency by manipulative and exploitive techniques of persuasion and controlâ⬠(Walsh). This is best depicted in Fight Club by the way Tyler uses his charismatic personalities to influence his members that Fight Club is what they need in order be awakened from their boring lives of slavery in the corrupt consumerist world. Liftonââ¬â¢s Doctrine over person states, ââ¬Å"A situation in which the doctrine of the group shapes the reality of which the member must existâ⬠(Walsh). This makes their pre-cult lifestyle unappealing, and progresses their ââ¬Å"new identity based on the new ideologyâ⬠(Walsh). Tyler uses this idea in Fight Club to convince members that life outside of Fight Club is nothing more than a role being played to mask their true identity, eventually resulting in full recruitment in to one of Fight Clubs subdivisionââ¬â¢s, and abandonment of their previous lifestyle completely. These methods of thought reform are commonly found in cultââ¬â¢s who practice radical religious beliefs and/or acts of violence in the name of its cause. Aum Shinrikyo, or ââ¬Å"The Aumâ⬠was a cult which began operations in Japan, tried to bring world change through ââ¬Å"techniques of guerrilla warfareâ⬠(Walsh 119-128). The Aum became a ââ¬Å"legally registered religion in 1989â⬠starting with approximately 4,000 members (Wessinger 130). By the mid-90s its membership had more than doubled at an estimated 10,000 members in Japan, and having expanded its reach including about 30,000 members in Russia (Wessinger 131). Aum Shinrikyo is an aggressive, highly organized, educated, extremely violent, and has the wealth to make serious impacts on society. Like Tylerââ¬â¢s Fight Club, ââ¬Å"Aum Shinrikyo offered an alternative to lifetime employment in unfulfilling workâ⬠(Wessinger 131). Many of Aum Shinrikyoââ¬â¢s members hold positions of power, are highly educated, and have specialized skills. They include; scientists, military personnel, police officers, and political officials that contribute to the organization (Wessinger 135). Tylerââ¬â¢s Fight Club is similar in construction to Aum Shinrikyo, in that its members are well distributed throughout the societies in which it is established, giving the organization the power to infiltrate and execute acts of social terrorism. Shoko Asahara said, ââ¬Å"Aum is a mighty obstacle to the evil that rules this worldâ⬠(Wessinger 120). Similar to Tyler Durden, Shoko Asahara conducted the business of his following with violent measured attacks on society and anyone who was a threat to his organization or its ideals. Aum Shinrikyoââ¬â¢s violence began internally, beatings of members in order to become closer to ââ¬Å"clairvoyanceâ⬠expanded to attacks on enemies and society (Wessinger 123). Although different in beliefs, Aumââ¬â¢s pattern of progression follows a very similar structure to that of Fight Club. Similar to Fight Clubââ¬â¢s subdivisions such as Project Mayhem, Aum Shinrikyo uses specialized memberââ¬â¢s devoted to carrying out acts of violence towards enemies. Threats to hinder or expose any criminal aspects, or cult activities of both organizations were counteracted with acts of violence and brutality. Aum Shinrikyo assassinated defecting members, journalist, prosecutors, judges, and anyone else who opposed their endeavors (Wessinger 133). Extreme acts of violence in able to progress forward in cult behavior and goals is what directly link Aum Shirikyo and Fight Club together. In understanding the inner workings of cult behavior, it is evident to what Tylerââ¬â¢s following_ _is, what it does, and how it gains control of members. One can see how Fight Clubââ¬â¢s cult behavior show uniform similarities to the characteristics that define a cult. In addition, understanding how a cult controls its members by means of manipulation and thought reform, in order to implement core beliefs, participate in acts of violence, and recruit members; one can grasp how powerful the control cults can have over their members. In looking at Aum Shinrikyo, a violent and socially destructive organization, we are able to see the consistency between Shoko Asaharaââ¬â¢s and Tyler Durdenââ¬â¢s following. Chuck Palahniukââ¬â¢s Fight Club depicts the story of a man who buildââ¬â¢s himself a clearly definable cult, in which he uses its members to carry out acts of social terrorism, violence, and self-destruction by means of manipulation and thought-reform. Works Cited Andres, Rachel, and James R. Lane. Cults & Consequences: The Definitive Handbook. Los Angeles: Jewish Federation Council, 1988. Print Palahniuk, Chuck. Fight Club. New York: Norton, 1996. Print. Singer, Margaret Thaler. Cults in Our Midst: The Hidden Menace in Our Everyday Lives. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996. Print Taylor, Kathleen. Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control. Oxford: Oxford University, Print. Walsh, Yvonne. ââ¬Å"Deconstructing ââ¬ËBrainwashingââ¬â¢ Within Cults as an Aid to Counselling Psychologistsâ⬠Counselling Psychology Quarterly_ _June 2001: 119-128. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 March 2010 Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heavenââ¬â¢s Gate. New York: Steven Bridges, 2000. Print. _ _
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Symbolism in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay - 526 Words
To Kill a Mockingbird is a book with several examples of symbolism. Although the story is seen through a childââ¬â¢s perspective, it includes multiple instances of symbolism, some more obvious than others. Mockingbirds, Mayellaââ¬â¢s geraniums, and the Radley household are all big symbols in To Kill a Mockingbird. An example of symbolism in To Kill a Mockingbird is mockingbirds themselves. When Atticus says ââ¬Å"ââ¬â¢Iââ¬â¢d rather you shot at tin cans in the back yard, but I know youââ¬â¢ll go after birds. Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit ââ¬Ëem, but remember itââ¬â¢s a sin to kill a mockingbirdââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (90), he means that mockingbirds donââ¬â¢t do a single bad thing. They sing and bring joy and happiness into the world, and nothing that does that deserves to beâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦However, these attempts are in vain. Arthur has no intention of coming out of his house unless there was a situation that needed attention. A situ ation that required him was when Mrs. Maudieââ¬â¢s house burnt down. While Jem and Scout stood by the edge of their property and watched, Boo snuck out and placed a blanket around Scout without being noticed. Scout or Jem do not realize that they have a blanket until they return back home after the fire is put out, and Atticus questions it. When it occurs to them who gave them the blanket, they get excited and scared about the idea, but donââ¬â¢t think too hard about it. However, later in the book, another situation requires Booââ¬â¢s assistance. When Bob Ewell is attempting to kill Jem and Scout as they walk home, they are near the Radley property. When Arthur heard what was happening, he came out from his house, got Bob, and saved the children. After he took Jem home and Scout followed, he stayed in the house. He wanted to make sure that Jem was going to be okay before retiring back to his house, and that is exactly what he did. Heck Tate was very generous to keep Boo Rad ley out of the news. Heââ¬â¢s always hid in the shadows, and not many people would allow a person to stay in the shadows after such a heroic act. However, Heck knows how Boo is and allows it. This is a very kind gesture of him. There are many examples of symbolism in To Kill a Mockingbird, including BooShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Symbolism In To Kill A Mockingbird791 Words à |à 4 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a multi-faceted novel which explores the principles and morals of people in the South during the 1930s. Mockingbirds are symbolic of the people that society abuse. Lee narrates the events of the novel using Scoutââ¬â¢s voice and uses this technique to add emotional context and develop themes. Themes of racial and classist prejudice are developed by Lee to challenge the reader. These techniques are all powerful ways to alter the views of the reader. MockingbirdsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Symbolism Essay744 Words à |à 3 PagesIn Harper Leeââ¬â¢s novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the fire in chapter 8 symbolizes a form of prejudice as it burns down the snowman. A lot of the symbolism in this book stems from the prejudice taking place against the black population in Indiana. Some of this is issued when it snows for the first time since 1885. The children make a snowman out of leftover snow and some dirt. This represents the teamwork between the Finch family and the black community. The snow brings out the innocence of children.Read MoreSymbolism In To Kill A Mockingbird1084 Words à |à 5 Pagesitââ¬â¢s a sin to kill a mockingbird.â⬠[p.119] In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, this issue is mentioned various times. There are three mockingbirds, Mayella Ewell, Boo Radley and Tom Robinson. In order to categorize them as mockingbirds, the reader has to know what a mockingbird is. So what does it mean to be a mockingbird? A mockingbird symbolizes innocence, thus the character has to have the personality characteristic of purity. As Miss Maudie says, ââ¬Å" Mockingbirds donââ¬â¢t do oneRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Symbolism Essay787 Words à |à 4 PagesTo Symbolize a Mockingbird Throughout the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, we are introduced to two characters who represent her main theme. Understanding the roles the two play in this well-known classic, helps the reader understand the true meaning, and uncover various uses of clever symbolism in the book. Tom Robinson, a humble Negro, and Boo Radley, the mysterious Maycomb recluse, are both innocent in their grave situationsâ⬠¦Tom, being dragged through an unfair trial with a racistRead MoreSymbolism of Prejudice in to Kill a Mockingbird1972 Words à |à 8 PagesAnalyse how symbolism was used to convey an interesting idea in an extended written text Prejudice, in the 1930s, was an extremely relevant issue regarding the racism that was present throughout society ââ¬â particularly in the south of the United States, which is where the novel To Kill A Mockingbird is set. Through the course of the novel, Harper Lee conveys the idea of prejudice to the reader in a variety of forms ââ¬â mostly by use of symbolism. The most powerful examples of this symbolism are the useRead MoreSymbolism In To Kill A Mockingbird1267 Words à |à 6 PagesIn the nineteenth century, mockingbirds were kept in cages so they could sing their beautiful music. Because of this, mockingbirds were nearly almost wiped out of parts of the East Coast. All Mockingbirds do is bring beauty to the world. Mockingbirds symbolize innocence and do not deserve to be wounded by the cruelness of the world. In the story To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Dill, Mayella Ewell, Mr. Dolphus Raymond, Tom Robinson and Boo Radley are all mockingbirds. They are innocent peop leRead MoreEssay on Symbolism of Mockingbirds in To Kill a Mockingbird1034 Words à |à 5 Pagesstrength. Parrots are a symbol of intelligence. What about mockingbirds? How do they treat and contribute to the human mankind? Mockingbirds symbolize those who are innocent, helpful, and caring but are punished and treated badly. It is a skin to kill a mockingbird because they do not harm us in any way but sings wonderful songs to us. Some of the characters like Boo Arthur Radley, Tom Robinson, and Mayella Ewell symbolizes the mockingbirds in Maycomb. Boo Arthur Radley who is innocent is segregatedRead MoreSymbolism Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee2255 Words à |à 10 PagesSymbolism in To Kill a Mockingbird Whether it is in literature or even shown in pictures, people use things to represent something with a deeper meaning and thatââ¬â¢s called symbolism. In the book ââ¬Å"To Kill a Mockingbirdâ⬠by author Harper Lee, various different themes or symbols are active throughout the book either directly, or more often, obscurely being tied to the ultimate theme of the book, which is not being able to understand someone until you experience life from their point of view. TheRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Symbolism Essay1251 Words à |à 6 PagesPeople always wondered what a mockingbird represents. In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the narrator Jean Louise Finch lives in Maycomb, Alabama, with her brother Jeremy Finch, her dad Atticus Finch, and her mother-figure Calpurnia. She learns many lessons in her life including ââ¬Å"You never truly understand a person until you put yourself in their shoes â⬠and ââ¬Å"It is a sin to kill mockingbirds.â⬠This ties in that a mockingbird symbolizes innocence, which proves that one should not judge someoneRead More Symbolism and Allegory in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay3753 Words à |à 16 PagesSymbolism and Allegory in To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee uses symbolism extensively throughout To Kill a Mockingbird,, and much of it refers to the problems of racism in the South during the early twentieth century. Harper Lees effective use of racial symbolism and allegory can be seen by studying various examples from the book, namely the actions of the children, of the racist whites, and of Atticus Finch. One of the more effective allegories in the novel is the building of a snowman
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Literature Review Expectancy Theory - 1132 Words
Running Head: Vroomââ¬â¢s Expectancy theory Literature Review: Vroomââ¬â¢s Expectancy theory Literature review: Pavel Smirnov Vroomââ¬â¢s Expectancy theory Word count: Advanced Writing Skills, GEN 2133 Date 07.04.2013 Contents Literature Review: 0 Literature review: 0 Pavel Smirnov 0 Vroomââ¬â¢s Expectancy theory 0 Advanced Writing Skills, GEN 2133 0 1 Literature review 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Expectancy Theory 2 1.3 Conclusion 3 2 Reference List 5 Literature review Introduction The expectancy theory of motivation has become an increasingly popular model for predicting work performance and job preference. The empirical tests of this model have typically employed correlation analysis toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦J., Levine, M. S., Sumner, K. E., Knight, M. B., Arendt, L. A., amp; Johnson, V. A. 2009). Reference List Behling, O., amp; Starke, F. A. (1973). The Postulates of Expectancy Theory. Academy Of Management Journal, 16(3), 373-388. Geiger, M. A., amp; Cooper, E. A. (1996). Using Expectancy Theory to Assess Student Motivation. Issues In Accounting Education, 11(1), 113-129. Hollenback, J. (1979). A Matrix Method for Expectancy Research. Academy Of Management Review, 4(4), 579-587. Oliver, R. L. (1974). Expectancy Theory Predictions of Salesmens Performance. Journal Of Marketing Research (JMR), 11(3), 243-253. Pousa, C., amp; Mathieu, A. (2010). Sales Managers Motivation to Coach Salespeople: an exploration using expectancy theory. International Journal Of Evidence Based Coaching amp; Mentoring, 8(1), 34-50. Radosevich, D. J., Levine, M. S., Sumner, K. E., Knight, M. B., Arendt, L. A., amp; Johnson, V. A. (2009). The role of expectancy theory in goal striving processes. Journal Of The Academy Of Business amp; Economics, 9(4), 186-192. Reinharth, L., amp; Wahba, M. A. (1975). Expectancy Theory as a Predictor of Work Motivation, Effort Expenditure, and Job Performance. Academy Of Management Journal, 18(3), 520-537. Renko, M., Kroeck, K. K., amp; Bullough, A. (2012). Expectancy theory and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 667-684. Starke, F. A., amp; Behling, O. (1975). A Test of Two PostulatesShow MoreRelatedEmployee s Lack Of Job Satisfaction Essay1637 Words à |à 7 Pagesturnovers. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Vroom (1959) developed the expectancy-valence theory, which is further referred to the expectancy motivation theory (Vroom, 1964). The expectancy motivation theory implies that employees will demonstrate affirmative performance behaviors when they believe their work will result in specific incentives (Vroom, 1964). Building upon Vroomââ¬â¢s expectancy theory motivation foundation theory, Gilbert (1978, 2013) published his behavioral engineering representationRead MoreEssay about Critique of Two Journal Articles on Motivation 1414 Words à |à 6 PagesMotivation Expectancy theory is one of the most widely used motivation theory. It is first proposed by Victor Vroom Yale School of Management in 1964. This theory is well supported by many evidence, and believe that the degree how people would act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome, and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.(Robbins et al. 2008) Two research-based articles which used expectancy theory to examineRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory Of Expectancy1373 Words à |à 6 Pagesoriginally developed the Expectancy Violation Theory in 1978; it began as a simple theory about personal space. Today, it analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms or expectations. Violations of expectations can completely alter a relationship for better and even for worse. Understanding the past research done on expectancy violation theory can help people prepare for various social situa tions and understand past violations as well. This literature review evaluates the differentRead MoreOrganization Behavior And Its Impact On Human Behavior1531 Words à |à 7 Pagesartificial and ephemeral because i strongly believe that motivating people with visionary and shared goals is more favorable than motivating through tactics or incentives. If we analyze from theories such as Alderfer s ERG theory, Abrahan Maslow s hierarchy of needs or McClelland s Achievement Need Theory if we fulfill or help in get the needs of person like achievement, affiliation, power or self esteem then that person automatically motivate to do work with their full of efforts. A Person onlyRead MoreNursing Professionalism: The Vroom Expectancy Theory Essay872 Words à |à 4 Pagesnursing career. Behavioral and social theories such as the Vroom Expectancy Theory (VET) can help one to put these goals and motivations into perspective. 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The researcher can do so by producing high-quality scientific literature and presenting at conferences for scientific literature. Vitality expects the scientific contributions of the researcher to be worthy of receiving patents. The contributions of the research can have a large impact on people, on women specifically. As we know, cosmetic productsRead MoreTraining And Development As The Organizational Function Essay1503 Words à |à 7 Pagesshift and work for a competitor. There is limited literature on this HR function in the developing nations (Debrah Ofori, 2006). On the same note, there is a growing concern from clients over the low service quality in the banking sector. It is substantive to see that while there is much literature on the value of training in the first-world countries, studies on TD in developing and the less developed countries is minimal. Most of the literature in these countries focu s on the HR practice as aRead MoreEffects Of Dropout On The Latino Communities Essay1375 Words à |à 6 Pages There are several studies and research that discusses the different factors that contribute to dropout rates in the Latino communities. As we look over previous literature and studies about dropout rates in the Latino population we will see the different factors that are currently being addressed and need improvement. Literature Review There is a high school dropout crisis far beyond the imagination of most Americans, concentrated in urban schools and relegating many thousands of minority children
Tuesday, December 24, 2019
Essay on Turkeys Internal Conflict and the Kurdish Minority
Turkeys Internal Conflict and the Kurdish Minority Turkeys key internal conflict centers on the role of its large Kurdish minority, ethnically and linguistically distinct, in a state that constitutionally consists of Turks. This issue has been with Turkey almost since the foundation of the Turkish State in 1923. The Kurds were promised the creation of an independent state as part of the treaty of Sevres in 1920 but this part of the treaty was never ratified and Turkey has refused to recognize the existence of a separate Kurdish ethnic community within its borders. Even so, Half of Turkeys Kurds have moved from the south east to the western cities of Turkey and have increasingly become integrated into the Turkish economy.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦So when Mustafa Kamal (Ataturk) began to form a Turkish nation state, it was not clear what constituted a Turk but soon, Kurds were considered as Turks and a policy aiming at the detribalization and assimilation of the Kurds was adoptedâ⬠¦ The Turkish governments pursuit of full assi milation has led to the proscription of publications of any book, newspaper, or other material in the Kurdish language. Moreover, there has also been an instance of arrests of entertainers for singing songs or performing in Kurdish. If we look deeply at the government structure, we can see that historically, Turkey lacks government openness. With the birth of the Turkish republic in 1923, the Turkish government did not satisfy the demands of the Kurds who were seeking independence. And since it is more of an authoritarian and closed system, the public opinion did no have any impact on the government. The non-governmental characteristics of the society as a whole also affect or condition choices. The Turkish society is the most politically advanced Muslim society of the world: It has deep Muslim roots that affect itsShow MoreRelated Treatment of Minorities in Turkey Essay1685 Words à |à 7 PagesTreatment of Minorities in Turkey Problems with format Turkey, a relatively new nation, is not new to internal conflict and the oppression of minorities. Wedged between Europe and the Middle East, the area occupied by Turkey has long served as a crossroads between these areas, and, as a result, Turkeys majority Islamic Arab populace is smattered with significant pockets of minorities. These religious and ethnic minorities have been the source of much controversy in Turkey, but now change appearsRead More Relations Between Turkey and America Essay5063 Words à |à 21 Pagescurrent issues I will study on the situations that are developed between America and Turkey starts from the end of the cold war such as ââ¬Å"Truman doctrineâ⬠, ââ¬Å"missile crisisâ⬠and ââ¬Å"gulf warâ⬠. à à à à à The policies of United States and the reactions of Turkeyââ¬â¢s against that policies will take part in this paper. COLD WAR The Soviet Union and the United States, after World War II, began a military competition. The Soviet Union, after the end of World War II, wished to expand the buffer zone between
Monday, December 16, 2019
Subversive Stories and Hegemonic Tales Free Essays
The great source of uncertainty and unpredictability in a rationalizing system are people-either the people who work thin those systems or the people who are served by them look up TV show ââ¬Å"are you servedâ⬠.. Same vocabulary as McDonaldââ¬â¢s Structure Go to any church is any giant Coors like golden arches Whenever you see cross first thing you think is Jesus, like arches and hamburgers Youth video- Mega Churches group project. We will write a custom essay sample on Subversive Stories and Hegemonic Tales or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Wreck 15 ââ¬Å"A typical Manchuria does not include actual bibles by the seats, but in exchange, a book written by the pastor themselves. This book Is a shortened version of the bible with modern day affairs discussed throughout(adaptability, also pastors can be as nouns as 28 years old to appeal to a more youthful crowd) Jesus Camps Funded by macrophages Point is to help child learn more about god and his love for everyone. To destroy the childââ¬â¢s old and revive a new person that loves and accepts god Indoctrination at a young age(draw connection to Nazi regime of efficiency? Control? ) Comfortable seating Shorter services Cool, fun Coffee shops in the church Walter of the church world Article-Drop Kick Me Jesus Through the Goalposts of Life: Nationalization,Consumer Culture, and Modern Evangelical Churches J. B. Watson, Jar. Stephen F. Austin State university Point of article This dimension of the Nationalization of religion in the U. S. Will be examined in this paper, with special attention to its impact on evangelical churches. In particular, the church growth movement embraced by evangelical churches has accelerated the emphasis on consumer-based products and packaged spiritual programs ââ¬Å"l think of the old slavery, and of the way the economy has now improved upon It. The new slavery has Improved upon the old by giving the new slaves the Illusion that they are its principles, for it is very humane. It buys their freedom, pays for it, and then erasures its money back again with shoddy goods and the promise of freedomâ⬠Economic Transitions and the Emergence of Consumer Religion Influence of capitalism on the religious organizations Consumption, according to Twitchier, is now essential to the construction of self- identity; the symbolic value of the product exceeds its practical value in most cases. Twitchier (1999; 2004) airframes the notion of ââ¬Å"you are what you buyââ¬â¢ and suggests that consumerism is now strongly woven into the social fabric ââ¬â it provides products purchased for their practical value, but also for the crucial security value they can revive in an increasingly secular age. Pig 5 The consumer approach to Evangelical Religious practice Branding(point of association with symbols) Structure Pastor acts as CEO. Position themselves as ââ¬Å"the last great hopeâ⬠of resisting colonization It is this position that leads them to increased colonization, contrastingly Colonization-is the process by which religion in a society begins to lose influence and the interest in other worldly or idealistic religious ideas is replaced by greater emphasis on material success and other pragmatic concerns. Shift from moral foundations towards raciest more like American consumerism * Resources for modeling Innovators in Manchuria leaders Bill Hobbes and Rick Warre n, have published multiple books and regularly conduct teaching seminars for church leaders ââ¬Å"The purpose of all these products is to provide the information and skills necessary to replicate the Willow Creek or Saddlebags model of church growth in any geographic setting. How to cite Subversive Stories and Hegemonic Tales, Papers
Sunday, December 8, 2019
Water is Essential to the Sustenance of Life free essay sample
The polarity of water makes water essential to the sustenance of life. It allows water to be a good solvent and form many different solutions. Although forming solutions does not seem very important, it is. These ââ¬Å"solutionsâ⬠that water forms exist everywhere, for example, laboratories and kitchen refrigerators. The polarity of water also causes different elements and compounds to be hydrophobic or hydrophilic, water fearing or water loving. Although hydrophobic sounds negative, it is actually kind of beneficial. The cell membrane, also known as the phospholipid bilayer, is composed of two layers. Part of each layer is hydrophobic and the other part is hydrophilic. When the two work together, they protect the cell. Therefore, waterââ¬â¢s polarity indirectly protects cells. The hydrogen bonds of water molecules also make water essential to the sustenance of life. These bonds give water a high specific heat but more importantly, they make water less dense as a solid. We will write a custom essay sample on Water is Essential to the Sustenance of Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This happens because when water freezes, the hydrogen bonds freeze at ââ¬Å"armââ¬â¢s lengthâ⬠. Because ice is less dense, when bodies of water freeze, they freeze from the top down. This allows life to continue below the ice. The cohesive property of water also makes water essential to the sustenance of life. The cohesive property of water is when water molecules bond with more water molecules. When they bond together, they form one, consistent liquid. This property allows for bodies of water to exist. It allows humans to swim in pools or oceans, take baths, drink water, wash dishes and cars, and so much more. Without the cohesive property of water, many everyday activities and chores would be much harder to accomplish.
Saturday, November 30, 2019
Questions free essay sample
If you exceed [c] credit points, you will not be allowed to continue studying until you have completed your first internship (i. e. you will be un-enrolled from all subjects). You must not start your second internship until you have completed at least [d] credit points. | | | | | | Response Feedback: | The correct answers are in section 6 of the Engineering Practice Program Student Guide. | | | | | * Question 3 0 out of 1 points | | | Match the following requirements from the engineering practice program with the appropriate reason as to why this requirement exists and is enforcedAnswer | | | | | Question| Students must complete their first internship before accumulating 87cp of subjects| Students must not commence their second internship before accumulating 129cp| Students must complete the preview subject before doing their internship| Students must complete the review subject after doing their internship| Students must complete EPR1 before commencing EPP2| All local students doing professional engineering courses at UTS must complete the DipEngPrac| | Response Feedback: | This is an important question. We will write a custom essay sample on Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Read the Engineering Practice Program Student Guide again to find the correct answers. | | | | | Question 4 0 out of 1 points | | | I am working full-time and studying part time in a course which includes the Diploma in Engineering Practice. Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding my circumstances (assuming that you dont have enough prior work experience to be eligible for the REP1 exemption process). Answer | | | | | | Response Feedback: | The answer is on page 3 of the Engineering Practice Program Student Guide| | | | | * Question 5 0 out of 1 points | | | Which of the following concurrent enrolment options are allowed in the 48 week structured engineering practice program? Answer | | | | | | Response Feedback: | The correct answer is on page 3 of the Engineering Practice Program Student Guide. | | | | | * Question 6 0 out of 1 points | | | Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding exemptions from the structured 48 week engineering practice program? (check all FALSE statements). Answer | | | | | | Ã | Response Feedback: | The correct answers are on the top of page 4 and also in section 5. 7 of the Engineering Practice Program Student Guide. | | | | | * Question 7 0 out of 1 points | | For students who must complete the Diploma in Engineering Practice, place the following subjects in their correct order in which they must be completed. Answer | | | | | | | | | | | | Response Feedback: | The correct answer is in Figure 1 on page 3 of the Engineering Practice Program Student Guide. | | | | | * Question 8 0 out of 1 points | | | As a results of completing the DipEngPrac, students will have met [a] of the Engineers Australia stage [b] competenci es. The subject capstone project assesses [c] of the stage [d] competencies from Engineers Australia. | | | | | Response Feedback: | The answers to this question are on page 4 of the Engineering Practice Program Student Guide. | | | | | * Question 9 0 out of 1 points | | | Put the following items in their correct order. They are the steps that need to be completed in order to pass either of the engineering experience subjects for DipEngPrac students. Answer | | | | | | | | | | | | Response Feedback: | The correct answers are in section 5. 2 and 5. 5 of the Engineering Practice Program Student Guide. | | | | | * Question 10 1 out of 1 points | | Match the following UTS:Engineering courses with the correct engineering practice requirements for each courseAnswer | | | | | Question| C10061 Bachelor of Engineering Diploma of Engineering Practice (5 years)| C10067 Bachelor of Engineering (international students only) (4 years)| C10066 Bachelor of Engineering Science (3 years)| C10068 Bachelor of Engineering Bachelor of Business Diploma in Engineering Practice| C10065 Bachelor of Engineering Bachelor of Business| C10136 Bachelor of Engineering Science Bachelor of Laws| | Response Feedback: | Correct Well done! | | | | | Sunday, 16 December 2012 11:10:22 PM EST
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